Moobs are caused by a condition called gynaecomastia, which develops for a number of reasons. Nigel Mercer, BAAPS president and a consultant plastic surgeon, explains: “We have been seeing more men with gynaecomastia in recent years. There are a variety of reasons for male breasts getting bigger, these include a rise in obesity, a rise in drinking and potentially, more female hormones in the environment.” Indeed, ‘gender pollution’ has often been cited as a result for this condition, which is caused by too many female hormones working their way into the water system, mainly due to the contraceptive pill.

Moobs can be distressing and hard to shift through diet and exercise, so male breast reduction surgery can often be the only solution. Celebrity sufferers include Simon Cowell, Jack Nicholson and Michael Douglas, and they are regularly mocked in the press when they are unfortunate enough to be photographed shirtless on holiday.

The BAAPS statistics showed that there was a 27 per cent increase in the number of men having breast reduction surgery last year, along with an overall increase in male plastic surgery of 18 per cent. The reason for this rise is attributed to a general acceptance of cosmetic surgery, making procedures less taboo. Dalia Nield, a plastic surgeon with the London Clinic, said: “In the past men probably put up with having strange shaped bodies, or developing breasts. Now men know there is a solution. They regard operations as a way of giving them a better quality of life.”

Liposuction costs depend on various tangible and intangible factors, and their due consideration can help in arriving at an approximation of the cost.

Liposuction costs depend on factors like:

(1) The geographic location where the surgery takes place. In expensive cities, like New York, and Washington DC, the cost is higher than places like Beverly Hills, or Florida.

(2) The hospital operating room charge. If a hospital setting is required, then you will have to stay as an inpatient for two or three days.

(3) The surgeon’s fee. The more experienced the surgeon, the more is the charge.

(4) The anesthesiologist fee. Although there is not much difference in the material cost of general anesthesia or local anesthesia, but the time to be spent by the anesthesiologist increases in the case of general anesthesia, and hence that would cost more.

(5) The liposuction technique. Different techniques use different machines. If you go for UAL (Ultrasound Assisted Lipectomy), then the charge will be higher than ordinary liposuction procedure.

Number of areas that are to be treated. The more the number of areas to be treated, the less is the charge.

The amount of fat to be eliminated. The more the amount of fat to be removed, the more is the charge. Larger areas require more time and different liposuction methods, which all make the cost go up.

The weight of the patient. Underweight patient are not advised liposuction. Normal weight patients may go for liposuction in some areas where the fat does not go by diet or exercise. In normal weight persons, the amount of fat is less; hence, the surgeon has to be extra

careful that no excess fat is removed than is necessary. Therefore, the charge is more. Obese patients are ideal candidates for liposuction, and liposuction is easier hence, it is charged less.

The sex of the patient. Females have loose layers of fat, while males have dense layers of fat. Hence, liposuction for males is more time consuming and subsequently more costly than liposuction for females.

Other expenses. Lodging and accommodation are major costs, if you decide to take the surgery somewhere away from your home. Medicines, diagnostic tests, and other accessories like postsurgical tight fitting garments etc. also make the bill rise up.

Liposuction approximate prices

The prices vary from surgeon to surgeon, depending on their skill and experience, and on the factors like number of areas, place, liposuction method etc. Generally, the price range is approximately $2000 to $15000. For example, Liposuction on outer thighs would be approximately $2000 whereas liposuction for the complete abdominal area would be approximately $15000.

Liposuction cost varies from surgeon to surgeon and from place to place. The charges are not fixed and you can keep a buffer margin of around ten percent on the charges that you approximate for the liposuction procedure. However, it is always better to ask the surgeon how much will the procedure cost and most surgeons give an exact price after due evaluation

If a woman does embark on such a search, she should realize that payment for cosmetic surgery does not represent a purchase that falls outside of the established pricing dictums. In other words, the surgical patient must remember the warning: “You get what you pay for.” The woman who carefully considers her needs has better luck locating a surgeon who can quote her an expected price that comes close to the final price.

The woman must make clear to her doctor what benefits she seeks from the planned plastic surgery. Some women request a breast augmentation in order to achieve fullness or a more pronounced cleavage. Some women who initially want only a breast lift learn from their doctors about the benefits of a breast augmentation. Such doctors have helped their female patients to lower the possible cost of the planned cosmetic surgery.

A breast lift appeals to many women, because it produces less scaring than the placement of a breast implant. Yet breast lift surgery can give a woman breasts with poorly-placed nipples. When that happens, then the woman might well need to pay for a breast augmentation.

A woman can avoid possible problems, and can limit chances for unexpected costs by seeking out a reputable location for any plastic surgery. A woman in a big city has better access to surgeons at one of the well-known medical institutions. Of course, access to such surgeons can prove costly. A woman living in a rural area typically pays a lower cost for any type of cosmetic surgery, including a breast augmentation.

In seeking a quote, a woman must be certain that any quote considers the total cost of the breast augmentation. The woman will need to pay for more than just the services of the plastic surgeon. She will need to pay for more than the implements used by that surgeon. She will also have to pay for the anesthesia and the anesthesiologist. If the woman plans to enter a hospital for the augmentation, then she will need to pay hospital costs.

The total costs for a breast augmentation could encourage a woman to consider getting a loan from a credit agency. A woman who feels that she should inquire about such a loan should not feel uncomfortable discussing her financial needs with her physician. She should also study closely any literature in the doctor’s office (or on a web site) that offers details about a possible payment plan.

A woman might want to invest in some fitness training before the surgery. Women who are in terrific shape heal much more rapidly following a breast augmentation.

Health and Mindset

In terms of health, doctors recommend that you are within 25 lbs of your ideal body weight. Patients that are physically fit and exercise regularly, but just can’t tone or reduce fat in a few problems areas are some of the best candidates for liposuction. Some bulges are simply exercise-resistant, and liposuction may provide a solution. It is not recommended for patients with significant medical problems such as diabetes, heart or lung disease, or poor circulation. These conditions can increase your risk for surgical complications.

Both men and women can be excellent candidates for liposuction. Approximately 75% of patients are female and they most commonly have liposuction performed on the belly, the buttocks and thighs. In men the most common location for liposuction in men are the “love handles”. While it is not age is not a major consideration, it is important for older patients to realize that because of diminished skin elasticity, they may not be able to achieve the same results as younger patients with tighter skin. Patients over 40 must recognize that skin contraction is less likely and loose skin can result.

Remember that liposuction should be used in conjunction with a good diet and exercise, not as a substitute for them. Liposuction, like other cosmetic surgery techniques, is a means to enhance body shape. But it cannot completely change your shape. You should have realistic expectations that liposuction may improve the appearance of the treated area, but may have no impact on other areas of your life.

Liposuction Ain’t Cheap

Liposuction can be a difficult surgery to estimate cost. It can be performed on different parts of the body, using different machines and by surgeons with varying degrees of skill and experience.

The average cost to have liposuction performed in one area of the body is close to $4,000, in two to three areas up to $6,000 to $8,000 and in five areas is $8,000 to $11,000.The cost is higher for larger body areas. For example, the average cost for the abdomen is $4,000 to $8,000, but for the outer thigh is about half as much.

As with most plastic surgery liposuction cost comprises three fees: surgeon fees, anesthesia fees and facility fees. The anesthesia fees range can range $500 to $1,000, depending on the number of areas treated. The facility fees also vary depending on the number of areas where liposuction is performed, ranging from $600 to $1,200. The rest of the cost is the surgeon’s fee.

But don’t try to skimp on the surgeon’s fee by going with just anyone. It is important to choose a board-certified plastic surgeon from the American Board of Plastic Surgery, who has extensive liposuction experience, as well as expertise in all areas of plastic surgery. More highly, qualified, board-certified surgeons charge higher fees, but this also ensures you will see the best results using the most appropriate techniques and reduce the risk of complications. Although liposuction prices can be high, the costs to your health can be much greater, so be sure to ask your surgeon about surgical training and board certification.

Cosmetic surgery such as liposuction is never covered by insurance. But if the surgery is more than you can afford at one time, ask your plastic surgeon about payment plans. Most surgeons today offer financing.

Among the most sought-after cosmetic surgery procedures include breast augmentation, abdominaplasty (more commonly known as the tummy tuck) and lip enhancement.

Breast augmentation surgery is a procedure that can enhance the size and shape of one’s breasts through the use of implants and other techniques. Many doctors use the submuscular periareolar approach or through the nipple method when inserting breast implants. Compared to other procedures, this method allows for more visibility and easier maneuvering for the surgeon.

Abdominaplasty or the “tummy tuck” procedure is another popular cosmetic surgery option. The constant presentation of women as incredibly slim in both entertainment media and advertisements has created the notion that one must have a flat stomach in order to become attractive.

Lip enhancement procedures have also gained popularity. Full, shapely lips are considered to be an attractive trait in almost every culture all over the world. In Hollywood, the full-lipped, almost pouty look has been popularized by many celebrities and actresses.

In fact, a study released by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons showed that in 2008, approximately 12.1 million cosmetic procedures were done all over the US. The study also showed that 91% of all cosmetic procedures were for women.

In major cities like Los Angeles and Beverly Hills, plastic surgery clinics can provide these much sought-after services.

Resource Box

Dr. Randal Digby Haworth is an award-winning plastic surgeon based in California. He is considered an expert in Beverly Hills plastic surgery, and has in fact been featured in numerous magazines and TV shows. Learn more about his work or inquire about his services by visiting http://www.drhaworth.com or calling 310-273-3000.

Females are not the only vain creatures these days – more and more men are resorting to plastic surgery in a proposal to improve their looks, albeit through artificial and painful means. But while some men are choosing to go under the knife for purely personal or aesthetic reasons, others are taking the leap because they believe it will improve their career professionally – and make them a more powerful – or at least more attractive – force to be reckoned with.

The unfortunate fact is, men desire the similar things that women want: to look younger, fitter and thinner, with regular, even features and a healthy glow. They are starting to recognize that in today’s aggressive market, looking tired and haggard with droopy eyelids, dark circles and a weak chin just will not cut it. And if they have huge boobs and a fat belly to boot – well, forget about becoming a vice president in the firm, let alone the CEO.

It is estimated that the grooming market for men is worth more than $3.5 billion these days, with more and more members of the male species going under the knife for cosmetic reasons. In one study of people of the masculine persuasion carried out by – not surprisingly – a plastic surgeon, it was found that:

* Four percent believed that their level of bodily attractiveness would affect their success on the job, and make them seem more powerful

* 42 percent believed that their career would be made stronger if they could only improve one little thing about their face

* 32 percent thought that looking younger would affect their business performance more positively

Plastic Fantastic

Here is a list of the most common plastic procedures for men, in no specific order:

* Gynecomastia, or Male Breast Reduction. it is estimated that about 15 percent of all men are dissatisfied with the size of their breasts, and now some are finally doing something about it. Men develop man boobs, or moobs, for a range of reasons, including hormonal changes, steroid abuse and being drastically overweight. Surgery to get rid of them sometimes involves a full operation, while on some occasions means utilizing the latest in liposuction combined with laser surgery.

* Eyelid Surgery. Also known as blepharoplasty for men, this procedure can be purely cosmetic, functional or both. It seeks to correct both sagging upper eyelids, as well as puffy bags underneath the eyes. Usually performed under just local anesthesia, it trims away excess fat, muscle and skin, with the remaining bits reattached in a manner that makes the eye area appear younger and more refreshed. The result: tighter, more taut eyelids and smoother under-eye areas.

* Pectoral Enhancement. Men who have tried everything but still maintain a chicken chest are currently relying on pectoral implants to allow them the bosoms they have always dreamed of. If no amount of exercise and diet has made your chest appear less than concave, your surgeon can insert implants made of silicone directly underneath the chest muscle to make the area seem more filled out. Requires general anesthesia and an overnight hospital stay – much like a boob job (ED: what’s the difference then?).

* Nose Job, aka Rhinoplasty. Carried out using a local or general anesthetic, depending on what needs to be done and individual preference, this is an out-patient procedure which can significantly influence a person’s looks. Costs will vary though the broad majority of men who opt for this op say it is money well spent. Men can have rhinoplasty from the age of 15, girls from age 13 (that is when their nose stops growing, evidently!).

* Liposuction. This form of weight loss involves using a cannula to literally suck the fat from your body. In men, problem areas are generally the breasts, love handles, tummy, thighs and neck. Tiny incisions are made so the great majority of folk, if not all, will not actually notice you have had the procedure done. Some men even have it done on their backs…

* Hair Transplants. Many guys think that nothing makes them look less tough than a lack of hair. Male pattern baldness affects a great many men, so if you can not stand your head resembling a ping pong ball, this could be the treatment of choice. it is fairly simple: your surgeon will take “donor” hair from the sides or back of your scalp, then surgically insert them in the bald patches, where it will probably begin to grow. Then again, you could simply purchase a stylish hat…

* Chin and Jawline Augmentation Surgery. Nothing spells out weakness more in a man than having a weak chin – or so proponents of chin surgery would have us believe. As a firm chin and jawline are considered signs of a “real” man, many men try to correct theirs when they fall flat (or rounded, flabby and soft). Surgery consists of varying types of chin implants which make your jaw more angled and square.

* Penis Extension Surgery. If slicing through the penile ligament sounds appealing, this is the operation for you. This operation, also known as phalloplasty or male enhancement surgery, does not actually make your member more massive, it simply makes it dangle lower. You may prefer a different – and considerably more invasive – procedure where fat from another part of your body is injected into your Johnson to raise its girth. Ouch!

Non-Invasive Cosmetic Treatments for Men

Apart from full-on surgery, men are also investing in less invasive cosmetic operations to look better. it is estimated that about one-seventh of all Botox anti-wrinkle injections are done on men, and guys are also jumping on the injectable filler band-wagon, to smooth out wrinkle lines and plump up lips. In fact, the American Academy of Facial and Plastic Surgery reckons that between 2000 and 2007 there was 91 percent hike in the amount of men non-surgical facial enhancements.

Men make up 20 percent of all laser hair removal procedures as well, according to statistics. They are getting to grips with unwanted hair in more ways as well, with male waxing salons becoming better and more common to make chests, buttocks and backs sleek and smooth. Pretty hands and feet are no longer a woman-only domain either: the number of male manicures and pedicures are on the rise, among men of all sexual orientations, and hair salons for men are frequently a lot more than the simple barbershop of Andy Griffith’s day.

If you want a bit of plastic surgery, it does not matter if you are a guy or woman – what matters is that you have reasonable expectations and get a qualified, Board-certified surgeon in whom you have absolute trust. But if you believe that changing your appearance will drastically alter your life, think again. Beauty is merely skin deep; in the long run, the oomph behind the front is generally more important.

Indian surgeons are passionate about helping to deliver the finest Facial feminization surgery in India available through exceptional service and discounted prices. Facial feminization surgery (FFS) refers to surgical procedures that alter human face to bring its features closer in shape and size to those of an average female human. FFS includes various bony and soft tissue procedures. Facial feminization surgery involves facial plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery and reconstructive surgery. The skills required for facial feminization surgery are better known than those for male-female genital sex reassignment surgery thus highly experienced and skilled surgeons for facial feminization surgery exist in India. Many facial feminization surgery procedures are also commonly part of routine cosmetic surgery while some are specific to feminization. Facial feminization surgery can include transforming the eye lids, nose, mouth, cheeks, forehead, jaw, chin, scalp and Adam’s apple.

Facial feminization surgery in India is provided at reputed cosmetic surgery institutes of Mumbai and Bangalore at a very low cost. Medical tourism in India has goal to restore your optimal wellbeing within state-of-the-art facilities and comfortable and relaxing environment. Medical tourism in India has specific  low cost programs carefully designed to attract international travelers. Indian healthcare services and amenities assure international status to all the foreign patients from all leading world famous destinations. You can get more info on discounted price Facial feminization surgery in India at http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com or mail at enquiry@forerunnershealthcare.com

Every day, you make decisions that affect the way you live. Some choices depend on the moment, like the clothing, hairstyle and perfume you’ll wear today. Other decisions are deeply significant, because they affect how you feel about yourself as a woman, and how others perceive you.

Breast augmentation offers a unique opportunity to scientifically “customize” the shape of the breast rather than just bra size. You may want to wear an outfit that reveals more cleavage, change your wardrobe style, or simply create the proper balance between your breasts and hips.

Many women have made the choice to create the shape they have always dreamed of through breast augmentation. Confident, sensual and beautiful-simply more of what you already are.

Candidates for Breast Augmentation

Breast augmentation offers a unique opportunity to scientifically “customize” the shape of the breast rather than just bra size. You may want to wear an outfit that reveals more cleavage, change your wardrobe style, or simply create the proper balance between your breasts and hips.

Breast augmentation can enhance your appearance and your self-confidence, but it won’t necessarily change your looks to match your ideal, or cause other people to treat you differently. Before you decide to have surgery, think carefully about your expectations and discuss them with your surgeon.

The best candidates for breast augmentation are women who are looking for improvement and realistic in the way they look. If you’re physically healthy, 18 years of age or older, not currently pregnant or nursing, you may be a good candidate.

What Are Important Factors For You to Consider When Deciding To Have Saline-Filled Implants?

Whether you are undergoing breast augmentation or reconstruction, be aware that breast implantation may not be a one time surgery. You are likely to need additional surgery and surgeon visits over the course of your life.

Breast implants are not considered lifetime devices. You will likely under go implant removal with or without replacement over the course of your life.

Many of the changes to your breast following implantation are irreversible (cannot be undone). If you later choose to have your implant(s) removed, you may experience unacceptable dimpling, puckering, wrinkling, or other cosmetic changes of the breast.

Breast implants may affect your ability to produce milk for breast feeding. Also, breast implants will not prevent your breast from sagging after pregnancy.

With breast implants, routine screening mammography will be more difficult, and you will need to have additional views, which means more time and radiation.

For patients who have undergone breast implantation either as a cosmetic or a reconstructive procedure, health insurance premiums may increase, coverage may be dropped, and/or future coverage may be denied.

Treatment of complications may not be covered as well. You should check with your insurance company regarding these coverage issues.

What Questions Should You Ask Your Surgeon About Breast Augmentation

The following list of questions may help you to remind you of topics to discuss with your surgeon. You may have additional questions as well.

1. What are the risks and complications associated with having breast implants?

2. How many additional operations on my implanted breast(s) can I expect over my lifetime?

3. How will my breasts look if I decide to have the implants removed without replacement?

4. What shape, size, surface texturing, incision site, and placement site is recommended for me?

5. How will my ability to breast feed be affected?

6. How can I expect my implanted breasts to look over time?

7. How can I expect my implanted breasts to look after pregnancy? After breast feeding?

8. What are my options if I am dissatisfied with the cosmetic outcome of my implanted breasts?

9. What alternate procedures or products are available if I choose not to have breast implants?

10. Do you have before and after photos I can look at for each procedure and what results are reasonable for me?

Other Factors To Consider In Breast Augmentation

Choosing a Surgeon

When choosing an experienced surgeon who is experienced with breast implantation, you should know the answers to the following questions:

1. How many breast augmentation implantation procedures does he/she perform per year?

2. How many years has he/she performed breast implantation procedures?

3. Is he/she board certified, and if so, with which board?

4. In which states is he/she licensed to practice surgery? Note that some states provide information on disciplinary action and malpractice claims/settlements to prospective patients either by request or on the world wide web.

5. What is the most common complication he/she encounters with breast implantation?

6. What is his/her reoperation rate with breast implantation and what is the most common type of reoperation he/she performs?

Familiarize yourself with the following options in breast implant surgery and be prepared to discuss with your surgeon the following issues:

Are You Eligible for Saline-Filled Breast Implants?

Implants are to be used for females for the following indications (procedures):

Breast Augmentation

This is done to increase the size and proportion of a woman’s breasts. A woman must be at least 18 years old for breast augmentation.

Who Is Not Eligible for Breast Implants?

Implants are not to be used for:

Women with existing malignant or pre-malignant cancer of the breast without adequate treatment

Women with an active infection anywhere in her body

Augmentation in women who are currently pregnant or nursing

Special Considerations For Breast Augmentation

What Are the Alternatives to Breast Augmentation?

Accept your breasts as they are.

Wear a padded bra or external prostheses.

You are advised to wait a week after reviewing and considering this information before deciding whether to have augmentation surgery.

There are numerous factors that contribute to the cause of hair loss in both males and females but genetic pattern baldness accounts for nearly 95% of all hair loss in men, as well as affecting millions of women. This common form of progressive hair thinning relates to a condition called androgenic alopecia or “male pattern baldness” and it occurs in adult male humans and other species. Androgenetic alopecia in women rarely leads to total baldness and the pattern of hair loss differs from male-pattern baldness. In women, the hair becomes thinner all over the head, and the hairline does not recede.

Tell us more about androgenetic alopecia

There are a variety of genetic and environmental factors that are likely play a role in causing androgenetic alopecia. Although we know risk factors that may contribute to this condition, most of these factors remain unknown. Researchers have determined that this form of hair loss is related to hormones called androgens, particularly an androgen called dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Androgens are important for normal male sexual development before birth and during puberty. The resulting effect is seen as baldness. The amount and patterns of baldness can vary greatly as the incidence varies from population to population based on genetic background. Interestingly, environmental factors do not seem to affect this type of baldness greatly.

You mentioned genes. How do they play a role?

It was previously believed that baldness was inherited from the maternal grandfather. While there is some basis for this belief, it is now known that both parents contribute to their offspring’s likelihood of hair loss. Large studies in 2005 and 2007 showed the importance of the maternal line in the inheritance of male pattern baldness. German researchers called the main ‘balding’ gene, ‘ARG’ or the androgen receptor gene. The presence or absence of a specific variant in this gene is related to baldness. This gene is recessive and a female would need two X chromosomes with the defect to show typical male pattern alopecia. Other research in 2007 suggested another gene on the X chromosome, which lies close to the androgen receptor gene, is also important in male pattern baldness. We consider the X linked androgen receptor as the most important gene with a gene on chromosome 20 being the second most important determinant gene.

How common is Male Pattern Baldness?

This is a good question. Studies show nearly all men have some baldness by the time they are in their 60s. However, the age the hair loss starts is variable. One large Australian study showed the prevalence of mid-frontal hair loss increases with age and affects about three in ten 30 year old males and half of 50 year old males. It also showed approximately 25 percent of men begin balding by age 30; while two-thirds begin balding by age 60. Some women also develop a similar pattern of hair loss. Male pattern baldness affects roughly 40 million men in the United States alone.

Can we use this information to our advantage?

Certainly yes, the Ailesbury Hair Implant technique uses a genetic test for male pattern hair loss, which reports the presence or absence of a specific variation in the androgen receptor gene. A positive test result means that a man has the high risk genetic variation. Men who test positive have approximately a 70% chance of going bald. This means the H+ genetic test can predict a patients risk for hair loss or thinning. Because single follicular hair implants can be used multiple times and it is not limited as in methods like strip surgery this means a patient can theoretically never be allowed to go bald again. Patients should remember by the time hair loss or thinning is noticeable ? almost 50% of your hair could be gone and the genetic test will help predict a patients hair loss before you can see any visible hair loss

What are the present medical treatments available?

The most popular medical treatment is Minoxidil (Rogaine), which is available in 2% and 5% topical solutions. Unfortunately, cosmetically useful hair is obtained in only about one third of cases and Minoxidil must be used indefinitely to maintain a response. Another treatment involves taking Finasteride (Propecia) 1 mg tablets and given once daily. Hair loss drugs like Propecia work by inhibiting the creation of DHT in our bodies.

By reducing the amount of DHT that can affect a man’s hair follicles, hair loss can be slowed or even stopped. Propecia lowers the dihydrotestosterone on the scalp and also in the serum of treated patients. Clinical trials have shown it to be effective in preventing further hair loss and increasing hair counts to the point of cosmetically appreciable results. Interestingly, hair loss on the temples is not improved. Side effects are rare, less than 1%, and patients must remain on the drug indefinitely since the benefit may be lost after discontinuation.

Tell me something about hair transplantation?

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that involves moving sections of skin containing hair follicles from one part of the body (the donor site) to bald or balding parts (the recipient site). It is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness, whereby grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding are transplanted to a bald scalp. However, it is also used to restore eye lashes, eye brows, beard hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents and surgery such as face lifts and previous hair transplants. Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle, and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin. Since hair naturally grows in follicles that contain groupings of 1 to 4 hairs, most hair transplant techniques migrate 1 ? 4 hair “follicular units” in their natural groupings. Thus modern hair transplantation can achieve a natural appearance by mimicking nature hair for hair. This hair transplant procedure is called “Follicular Unit Transplantation”

When did hair transplantation actually begin?

Modern hair transplantation began in the 1950s based upon the pioneering work of New York dermatologist Dr. Norman Orentreich. According to medical myth, he was doing a study on vitiligo, transferring 4 mm punch skin grafts in an attempt to determine whether vitiligo was “donor” or “recipient” area dominant. The patient noted that a punch graft that had been taken from a hair-bearing area, grew hair, after it was placed into a non-hair-bearing area. Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the “recipient” site. Dr. Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were “donor dominant,” ? the idea that grafts continue to show the characteristics of the donor site after they have been transplanted to a new site. This principle provides the basis for all hair transplant surgery. Although “donor dominance” insured that transplanted hair will continue to grow, it did not insure that the results would look natural.

Why did transplants by ‘punching’ stop?

The initial hair transplants used grafts that measured 6?8 mm in diameter, about the size of pencil erasers. These were obtained from the back of the scalp by literally punching out the hair bearing grafts with a sharp, round instrument and then placing them in holes made in the balding front-part of the scalp. The punch technique continued during the 1960’s, although the size of the punch was gradually reduced in order to improve the survival of the hairs in the central part of the graft. For the next twenty years, surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts, but results were only minimally successful, with 2-4 mm “plugs” leading to results that were often “pluggy” and unnatural and was referred to as a “doll’s head” or “corn-row” look. It is thought that these hairs were also subject to poor oxygenation by a “donuting” effect as the punch size was too big. We must remember that the follicles also take a curved path through the skin and there was an unacceptable rate of transection (about 30%) during the punching technique. In the 1980s, Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts, while in the United States Rassman began using thousands of “micrografts” in a single session.

Can you explain the technique of ‘minigrafts’ and micrografts?

In the late 1980s, Limmer introduced the use of the stereo-microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts. Micrograftsusually consist of one or two hairs per graft and ‘minigrafts’ contain 3-8 hairs per graft. These smaller grafts, when properly placed, provided a more natural, less abrupt appearing hairline in contrast to other methods. However, they could also contain up to 12 hairs producing a bulky tufted appearance leading to a ‘doll’s head’, or ‘toothbrush’ effect. Patients also complained of a dimpling of the underlying scalp. Micrografts were frequently damaged during the removal process or were too fragile to survive. In ‘mini-micrografting’, the graft sizes were arbitrarily determined by the doctor who cut the donor tissue into different size pieces. This technique has now largely been surpassed.

What technique is presently popular?

During the past few years, follicular unit transplant grafts (FUT) have become popular due to a more natural effect. Follicular units were first described in the medical literature by Headington in 1984. Follicular Unit Transplantation has its roots in the single-strip harvesting method and microscopic graft dissection technique developed by Dr. Bobby Limmer in the late 1980s and published in 1994. In 1995, Bernstein and Rassman published the first paper on ”Follicular Unit Transplantation”, where hair is transplanted exclusively in naturally occurring groups of 1-4 hairs. With microscopic dissection of donor pieces from an excised portion of scalp, individual follicular units containing but 1-4 hairs could be prepared and individually relocated into needle punctures in the recipient areas. Since the transplanted hair mimics the way hair grows in nature, close to natural results were attainable. By the year 2000, Follicular Unit Transplant (also referred to as FUT) by the strip technique was more firmly established and respected due to its ability to produce more natural results. However, because the procedure was more labour intensive and time consuming than mini-micrografting, it was adopted slowly by the medical community.

What do you mean by the ’strip’ technique?

The strip method is really an invasive surgical procedure requiring the attendance of a plastic surgeon and general anaesthesia. During the procedure, a long strip of scalp, approximately 20- 25 cm in length and 1 cm to 2.5 cm in width of hair-bearing skin is removed from the donor area using a scalpel, cutting through nerves and major blood vessels of the scalp. The donor area is then sutured (stitched) closed and approximately 30 days are required for full healing. In order to avoid stretching of the donor scar, two layers of donor stitches must be used and left in the skin for at least two weeks. The doctor can harvest to a maximum of 3,000 hairs during one procedure. Body hair follicles and hairs cannot be extracted using the ’strip’ method, depriving the patient of a tremendous area of donor hair. Post-operative care requires that the patient not play sports or weight train for at least 30 days. Many patients complain of scalp numbness for many months and sometimes permanently.

Are there any problems with the strip technique?

This is invasive surgery and the patient may sometimes develop scarring or neurological problems of sensation in the back of the head post procedure. Another primary disadvantage of strip extraction is that the patient must wait nine months for the area to heal fully before considering or being able to undergo a second procedure and the patient must have sufficient elasticity in the donor site before the surgeon can safely harvest another strip. Besides the long donor area permanent scar, there is also a possibility to be left with permanent suture scars, stretch back tension scars, keloid scars, or staple scars, even if the procedure goes perfectly. Should a patient shave their hair short in the donor area, a line or scar will always be visible. A patient forever gives up the option to shave their head or have a short haircut after a strip procedure. Although there are many good proceduralists of this technique, I personally would consider ’strip surgery’ an out-dated procedure.

What is the best hair transplant treatment now?

Over the past few years unit follicular hair transplant has emerged as the most reliable hair transplant procedure of hair transplantation surgery. As the name suggests, the graft in this case consists of a single follicular unit as it exists in nature. The follicular unit contains sebaceous glands as well as nerve and blood tissue. It is for this reason that it needs to be extracted as an intact unit and transplanted as an intact unit, to be able to grow into a hair. There are basically two types of technique.

1 Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) is a hair restoration procedure where hair is transplanted exclusively in its naturally occurring groups of 1-4 hairs. These groups, or follicular units, are obtained through the microscopic dissection of tissue taken from a single donor strip or extracted directly from the donor area.

2. Follicular unit extraction (FUE) does not require a donor strip to be excised from the donor area and therefore does not involve any dissection of follicular units. The follicular units are instead directly extracted one-by-one using custom-made, precise micro-surgical tools less than a millimetre in diameter. Follicular unit extraction is simple and painless, with the donor area healing within 2-4 days as compared to 7-8 days required for follicular hair transplants using the graft extraction technique. There is also no risk of nerve damage being caused by the hair transplant procedure.

Which is the best method?

This is a difficult question to answer as there are proponents of both techniques. Although, FUT is considered an advance over the ‘mini-micrografting’ hair transplant procedure, many transplant doctors do not consider it as advanced as FUE because the technique still requires larger areas of the scalp to be removed than single follicle extraction. Proponents of the FUT technique say that there are also problems inherent in removing individual follicular units with small punches. First, any significant variation between the incident angle of the punch and the exiting hair can result in graft transection. It is known that it is difficult to keep the punch parallel to the follicles throughout the entire length of the graft as the visual cues used to guide one’s hand are lost once the punch passes into the depths of the tissue. Another disadvantage of both follicular techniques is the requirement of long hours of time and skilled teams of assistants for the preparation of 3,000 odd follicular hair transplants through dissection. My feeling is that the final result is very operator related.

What is the Ailesbury Hair Implant method?

The Ailesbury Hair Implant technique has been perfected in Dublin. It essentially is a minimally invasive method of hair restoration which avoids the need for any scalpels or stitching to be required at any point during the procedure. Single hair follicles are extracted one by one from the donor area (back of the head) and re-implanted with the unique patented device; therefore a strip of donor skin is not required to be removed from the back of the head. Many doctors, including myself, consider this to be the most advanced method of transplanting hair. to techniques like the newer single hair follicle extraction technique. In this method follicles are extracted one by one from the donor area (back of the head) and re-implanted with the unique patented devices. The Ailesbury Hair Implant method is based on the use of genetic testing, the use of growth factors, 633nm light for fibroblast stimulation and the use of quality control during the hair transplant procedures. The hair transplant doctor needs only a single surgical assistant to help him during the follicle hair transplants. The procedure also ensures maximum care to the grafts. The hair transplant doctor can decide upon the exact number of grafts to be removed while he is removing them one-by-one.

Any other advantages with the Ailesbury Hair Implant method?

The best thing about the Ailesbury Hair Implant method is that the hair extraction is simple, painless, and the donor area heals within 2-4 days. Individual hair follicles are removed one by one using the H+ Extractor and Implanter by a surgeon who is wearing high magnification loupes. Patients can listen to music, watch tv and enjoy a light lunch during the procedure, which is completed in four to six hours. There is absolutely no risk of nerve damage because scalpels or stitches are not used. Another advantage of the Ailesbury Hair Implant transplant procedure is that it allows the hair transplant surgeon to extract as many grafts as is actually needed and on average, we usually extract and place 3,000-5,000 hairs per day. Bandaging is not necessary following the procedure, allowing the patient to leave the clinic looking just as they did on entering. Unlike the ’strip’ technique, there is no scarring with the Ailesbury Hair Implant method and a patient can shave his head or wear all the current cuts and styles. In addition, there is also no waiting period between Ailesbury Hair Implant procedures and hair from all over the body can be used. Body hair follicular grafts have shown growth patterns similar to head hair with no difference in texture but are usually used for enhancing the density in the posterior region of the scalp rather than the hair line. Hair regrowth will be seen after 16 weeks, depending in part on how quickly the capillaries form around the newly relocated follicular units. This newly transferred hair grows naturally in its new location for the rest of the patient’s life.

How many sessions will be necessary before hair restoration is complete after the Ailesbury Hair Implant method?

That really depends on the size of the balding area, donor yield and the goal of the patient. In order to achieve a greater density, I would suggest starting early and plan at least two sessions, so that you never really become bald. The numbers of sessions being one or more is aided by the use of genetic programming and special camera densitometry equipment to see under the skin and fully inform the patient of his or her total available donor hair. In each session, the follicles are inserted between existing hairs or previously placed hairs and generally placed up to 1mm apart.

What is the cost of the Ailesbury Hair Implant technique

The Ailesbury Hair Implant costs about ?3 per follicle. Because the Ailesbury Hair Implant technique may continue to place hair over a longer period we have decided to allow patients to join a ?Samson? club. This means they can contribute about ?25 per week for six months and we will provide interest free financing to cover the rest of the cost. Plans usually run over a 3-5 year period making it very easy for the patient to finally achieve his aesthetic goals.

Acne is a very common disease. People who have it tend to have similar kinds of questions about it and its treatment. This section addresses some of the common questions asked by people with acne. Please remember that your dermatologist is always the best source of specific information about your individual health issues, including acne.

Questions and Answer does follows:

What causes acne?

The causes of acne are linked to the changes that take place as young people mature from childhood to adolescence (puberty). The hormones that cause physical maturation also cause the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin to produce more sebum (oil). The hormones with the greatest effect on sebaceous glands are androgens (male hormones), which are present in females as well as males, but in higher amounts in males.

Sebaceous glands are found together with a hair shaft in a unit called a sebaceous follicle. During puberty, the cells of the skin that line the follicle begin to shed more rapidly. In people who develop acne, cells shed and stick together more so than in people who do not develop acne. When cells mix with the increased amount of sebum being produced, they can plug the opening of the follicle. Meanwhile, the sebaceous glands continue to produce sebum, and the follicle swells up with sebum.

In addition, a normal skin bacteria called P. acnes, begins to multiply rapidly in the clogged hair follicle. In the process, these bacteria produce irritating substances that can cause inflammation. Sometimes, the wall of the follicle bursts, spreading inflammation to the surrounding skin. This is the process by which acne lesions, from blackheads to pimples to nodules, are formed.

I wash my face several times a day. Why do I still get acne?

Many people still believe that acne is caused by dirty skin. The truth is, washing alone will not clear up or prevent acne. Washing does, however, help remove excess surface oils and dead skin cells. Many people use all kinds of products, including alcohol-based cleansers, and scrub vigorously, only to irritate the skin further and worsen their acne. Washing the skin twice a day gently with water and a mild soap is usually all that is required. However, acne is actually caused by a variety of biologic factors that are beyond the control of washing. For that reason, you should use appropriate acne treatments for the acne.

Does stress cause acne?

Stress is commonly blamed for the development of acne. Stress can have many physiologic effects on the body, including changes in hormones that may theoretically lead to acne. In some cases the stress may actually be caused by the acne lesions, not the other way around! If the acne is being treated effectively, stress is not likely to have much impact on the majority of people.

I never had acne as a teenager. Why am I now getting acne as an adult?

Usually, acne begins at puberty and is gone by the early 20s. In some cases, acne may persist into adulthood. Such types of acne include severe forms that affect the body as well as the face (which afflict males more than females) and acne associated with the menstrual cycle in women. In other cases, acne may not present itself until adulthood. Such acne is more likely to affect females than males.

There are several reasons for this. As females get older, the pattern of changes in hormones may itself change, disposing sebaceous glands to develop acne. Ovarian cysts and pregnancy may also cause hormonal changes that lead to acne. Some women get acne when they discontinue birth control pills that have been keeping acne at bay. Sometimes young women may wear cosmetics that are comedogenic-that is, they can set up conditions that cause comedones to form.

What role does diet play in acne?

Acne is not caused by food. Following a strict diet will not, clear your skin. While some people feel that their acne is aggravated by certain foods, particularly chocolate, colas, peanuts, shellfish and some fatty foods, there is no scientific evidence that suggests food causes or influences acne. Avoid any foods which seem to worsen your acne and, for your overall health, eat a balanced diet–but diet shouldn’t really matter if the acne is being appropriately treated.

Does the sun help acne?

Many patients feel that sunlight improves their acne lesions and go to great lengths to find sources of ultraviolet light. There is no proven effect of sunlight on acne. In addition, ultraviolet light in sunlight increases the risk of skin cancer and early aging of the skin. It is, therefore, not a recommended technique of acne management, especially since there are many other proven forms of treatment for acne. Moreover, many acne treatments increase the skin’s sensitivity to ultraviolet light, making the risk of ultraviolet light exposure all the worse.

What is the best way to treat acne?

Everyone’s acne must be treated individually. If you have not gotten good results from the acne products you have tried, consider seeing a dermatologist. Your dermatologist will decide which treatments are best for you. For more information about the types of acne treatments that are available, and for basic acne treatment guidelines, please see Acne Treatments in the main part of AcneNet.

What kind of cosmetics and cleansers can an acne patient use?

Look for “noncomedogenic” cosmetics and toiletries. These products have been formulated so that they will not cause acne.

Some acne medications cause irritation or pronounced dryness particularly during the early weeks of therapy, and some cosmetics and cleansers can actually worsen this effect. The choice of cosmetics and cleansers should be made with your dermatologist or pharmacist.

Heavy foundation makeup should be avoided. Most acne patients should select powder blushes and eye shadow over cream products because they are less irritating and noncomedogenic. Camouflaging techniques can be used effectively by applying a green undercover cosmetic over red acne lesions to promote color blending.

Is it harmful to squeeze my blemishes?

Yes. In general, acne lesions should not be picked or squeezed by the patient. In particular, inflammatory acne lesions should never be squeezed. Squeezing forces infected material deeper into the skin, causing additional inflammation and possible scarring.

Can anything be done about scarring caused by acne?

Scarring is best prevented by getting rid of the acne. Dermatologists can use various methods to improve the scarring caused by acne. The treatment must always be individualized for the specific patient. Chemical peels may be used in some patients, while dermabrasion or laser abrasion may benefit others. It is important that the acne be well controlled before any procedure is used to alleviate scarring.

How long before I see a visible result from using my acne medication?

The time for improvement depends upon the product being used, but in almost all cases it is more a matter of weeks or months instead of days. Most dermatologists would recommend the use of a medication or combination of medications daily for 4 to 8 weeks before they would change the treatment. It is very important for patients to be aware of this time frame so they do not become discouraged and discontinue their medications. Conversely, if you see no change whatsoever, you might want to check with your dermatologist regarding the need to change treatments.

Would using my medication more frequently than prescribed speed up the clearing of my acne?

No–always use your medication exactly as your dermatologist instructed. Using topical medications more often than prescribed may actually induce more irritation of the skin, redness and follicular plugging, which can delay clearing time. If oral medications are taken more frequently than prescribed, they won’t work any better, but there is a greater chance of side effects.

My topical treatment seems to work on the spots I treat, but I keep getting new acne blemishes. What should I do?

Topical acne medications are made to be used on all acne-prone areas, not just individual lesions. Part of the goal is to treat the skin before lesions can form and to prevent formation, not just to treat existing lesions. Patients are generally advised to treat all of the areas (forehead, cheeks, chin and nose) that tend to break out rather than just individual lesions.

My face is clear! Can I stop taking my medication now?

If your dermatologist says you can stop, then stop–but follow your dermatologist’s instructions. Many times patients will stop their medication suddenly only to have their acne flare up several weeks later. If you are using multiple products, it may be advisable to discontinue one medication at a time and judge results before discontinuing them all at once. Ask your dermatologist before you stop using any of your medications.

Does it matter what time I use my medication?

Check with your dermatologist or pharmacist. If you were taking one dose a day of an antibiotic, you could probably take it in the morning, at midday or in the evening, although you should pick one time of day and stay with it throughout your treatment. With oral medications prescribed twice a day or three times a day, you should try your best to spread out the doses evenly. Some antibiotics should be taken on an empty or nearly empty stomach. For optimal results with topical treatments, you should strictly follow your dermatologist’s recommendations. For example, if instructed to apply benzoyl peroxide in the morning and a topical retinoid at bedtime, it is important to follow these directions strictly. If the two were applied together at bedtime, for example, you could decrease the efficacy of the treatment because of chemical reactions that make them less effective.

I have trouble remembering to take my oral medication every day. What’s a good way to remember? What should I do if I forget a dose?

This is a common problem. Many patients try to associate taking their medication with a routine daily event such as brushing teeth or applying makeup. It also helps to keep the medication close to the area where the reminder activity is carried out.

In most cases, if you miss a day of your oral treatment, do not double up the next day; rather, get back to your daily regimen as soon as possible–but there may be different instructions for different oral medications. Ask your dermatologist or pharmacist about what to do if you miss a dose of your particular medication.

I have been using topical benzoyl peroxide and an oral antibiotic for my acne and have noticed blue-black and brown marks developing on my face and some discoloration on my body. The marks are especially noticeable around acne scars and recently healed lesions. Is this a side effect of medication and is it permanent?

It is not possible to make general statements about side effects of medications that apply to individual cases. A dermatologist should be consulted. The facial marks and body discoloration described by the patient in this case do fall within the range of side effects of some antibiotics.

Unique patterns of pigmentation are sometimes seen in acne patients treated with certain oral antibiotics—particularly minocycline. The pigmentation patterns that appear may include:

* Localized blue-black or brown marks in and around acne scars and in areas of previous acne inflammation

* A “muddy skin” appearance that may cover much of the body

* Diffuse brownish pigmentation of the feet and lower legs.

The pigmentation side effect gradually disappears after the therapy is discontinued.

Any side effect of a medication should be noted by the patient and brought to the attention of the physician. While most side effects are temporary they should be discussed with the physician and monitored.

My doctor is prescribing a topical retinoid for my acne. He said a retinoid is a substance related to vitamin A. If the drug is related to vitamin A, shouldn’t vitamin A dietary supplements be helpful in getting rid of acne?

Dietary vitamin A is essential to good health, especially vision. It has healthful effects in the skin. Large doses of vitamin A for the treatment of acne is not recommended on grounds of safety. The retinoids and retinoid-like substances used as topical treatments for acne are prepared especially for their potent effect on the shedding of cell lining in the sebaceous follicle. Their use should be monitored by a dermatologist.

Dietary vitamin A has multiple health effects in the human body. Vitamin A is essential for good vision. Extreme vitamin A deficiency can result in blindness, usually accompanied by dry, scaly skin. Vitamin A overdose that far exceeds the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 5,000 IU can have effects nearly as catastrophic. Extreme vitamin A overdose can cause the skin to blister and peel—an effect first seen in early North Pole explorers who nearly died after eating polar bear liver that has an extraordinarily high vitamin A content.

Topical retinoids are usually prescribed as a treatment for moderate to severe acne. Side effects are chiefly dermatologic, including redness, scaling and dryness of the skin, itching and burning. These side effects can usually be managed by adjustment of the amount and timing of retinoid applied to the skin. Dose adjustment must be discussed with the dermatologist who prescribed the treatment.

Are there any acne treatments specifically for people with dark skin? Are there any treatments specifically harmful to dark skin?

There are no acne treatments specifically for use on dark skin. Acne treatments are generally as safe and effective on dark skin as on light skin. Some treatments for acne scars may cause temporary lightening of dark skin.

Acne is a common skin disease that has the same causes and follows the same course in all colors of skin.

Very dark or black skin may be less well-moisturized than lighter skin. Topical anti-acne agents such as benzoyl peroxide that have a drying effect on the skin should be used under the supervision of a dermatologist. Benzoyl peroxide also is a strong bleach and therefore must be applied carefully to avoid inadvertent decolorization of a patch of hair, towels or clothing.

Darker skin has a tendency to develop post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (excessive skin darkening at places where the skin was inflamed). Severe inflammatory acne may result in dark spots. The spots resolve over time; a dermatologist may be able to recommend cosmetic measures to make the spots less apparent until they resolve. Some acne treatments, such as topical retinoids and azelaic acid, may also help fade the discoloration.

Removal of acne scars by dermabrasion or chemical peeling may cause temporary lightening or darkening of dark skin in the areas of treatment. Scar treatment should be discussed with a dermatologist or dermatologic surgeon before it is undertaken.

Alterations of melanin (dark pigments that give the skin its color) pigmentation such as vitiligo and melasma are not related to acne, but they may be present simultaneously with acne. The diagnosis and treatment of melanin pigmentation disorders such as vitiligo requires a dermatologist with knowledge and experience in treating these conditions.

Is acne that appears for the first time in adulthood different from acne that appears in adolescence?

Acne has a specific definition as a disease of sebaceous follicles. This definition applies to acne that occurs at any age. However, it may be important to look for an underlying cause of acne that occurs for the first time in adulthood.

Current understanding of the causes of acne vulgaris is described in the Main Text section Why and how acne happens. In brief summary, acne vulgaris develops when excessive sebum production and abnormal growth and death of cells in the sebaceous follicle result in plugging of follicles with a mixture of sebum and cellular debris and formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads). Bacteria in the follicles—chiefly Propionibacterium acnes, the most common bacterial colonist of sebaceous follicles—may contribute to the inflammation of acne by release of metabolic products that cause inflammatory reaction. The pathogenic events, which cause disease, in the sebaceous follicle are believed to be due in large degree to changes in levels of androgenic (male) hormones in the body—a circumstance usually associated with growth and development between ages 12 and

Some acne investigators believe that although this understanding is generally correct, there is more yet to be learned about the causes of acne vulgaris.

Acne that appears after the age of 25-30 years is (1) a recurrence of acne that cleared up after adolescence, (2) a flare-up of acne after a period of relative quiet—for example, during pregnancy, or (3) acne that occurs for the first time in a person who had never previously had acne.

Acne that occurs in adulthood may be difficult to treat if there are multiple recurrences. Some patients with severe recurrent acne have undergone repeated courses of treatment with the potent systemic drug isotretinoin.

Acne flares in association with pregnancy or menstruation are due to changes in hormonal patterns.

Acne that appears for the first time in adulthood should be investigated for any underlying cause. Drugs that can induce acne include anabolic steroids (sometimes used illegally by athletes to “bulk up”), some anti-epileptic drugs, the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampin, lithium, and iodine-containing drugs. Chlorinated industrial chemicals may induce the occupational skin disorder known as chloracne. Chronic physical pressure on the skin—for example, by a backpack and its straps, or a violin tucked against the angle of the jaw and chin—may induce so-called acne mechanica. Some metabolic conditions may cause changes in hormonal balance that can induce acne.

Some lesions that appear to be acne may be another skin disorder such as folliculitis—infection and inflammation of hair follicles—that require different treatment than acne. Acne that appears for the first time in adulthood should be examined and treated by a dermatologist.

My 15-year-old daughter has what I would describe as a very mild case of acne. She has made it much worse by constant picking and squeezing. She looks in the mirror for hours, looking for some blackhead or blemish she can pick or squeeze. Does she need psychological counseling?

Excessive picking and squeezing of otherwise mild acne is a condition called excoriated acne, seen most often in young women. A dermatologist may provide effective counseling.

The typical person with excoriated acne is a person—often a young women—who is so distressed with her appearance due to acne that she literally tries to “squeeze the acne out of existence.” The acne is often very mild, but the person’s face may constantly be covered with red marks from squeezing, and open sores where lesions have been picked open.

The word excoriate means to scratch or abrade the skin. Excoriated acne is a medically recognized condition that should be discussed with a dermatologist. Occasionally giving in to a temptation to squeeze a blackhead is not defined as excoriated acne. Hours in front of a mirror, squeezing and picking every blemish, is a definition of excoriated acne. A dermatologist may be able to counsel the patient regarding a course of treatment in which the patient can participate, but keep “hands off.”

Can the rate of secretion or the composition of sebum be altered by diet? If it can, shouldn’t alteration of diet be considered a treatment for acne?

Diet has never been proven to have a role in the cause or treatment of acne. Dietary manipulation may have a role in the treatment of some scaling diseases of the skin, but not in the treatment of acne.

Dietary cause is one of the most persistent myths about acne. Foods, such as chocolate or greasy foods, do not cause acne, but certain foods seem to make some people’s acne worse. The following can bring on or worsen it:

Hereditary factors

An increase in male hormones found in both males and females

Menstruation

Emotional stress

Oil and grease from cosmetics, work environment

No food has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating acne. A healthy diet is, of course, necessary for good general health.

Shouldn’t I just try to eliminate sebum from my body?

No. When it isn’t blocked in your pores, sebum helps keep your skin healthy.

Why does acne usually start at puberty?

No one knows for certain. What is known is that the sebaceous glands that produce sebum get much larger at puberty than they were before.

Why does the skin around a pimple turn red?

This redness is caused by the body’s inflammatory response. Inflammation is a sign that your immune system is working to fight an infection. However, the inflammatory response doesn’t always work perfectly, and can even be the cause of scarring.

If my skin turns red, does that mean that I’m going to have scars?

Usually, no. Even when there will be no permanent scar, the aftereffects of the inflammatory response can leave the skin red for months, sometimes for more than a year.

What are free radicals?

Free radicals are byproducts of oxidation in your body. We all need oxidation to occur as part of our life process, but there is concern that the buildup of unrecycled free radicals contributes to many conditions, including skin damage. Antioxidants, including several of the active ingredients in Acuzine, help prevent the buildup of free radicals.